Fix GRUB dual boot issues after upgrading Kali Linux

To fix GRUB dual boot issues after upgrading Kali Linux, you can either use the command line to update GRUB or use a tool like Boot-Repair. If you encounter GRUB Rescue, you'll need to identify your partitions and set the root accordingly before loading modules. Disabling Secure Boot in the BIOS can also help if you're having trouble with the boot process. 

Updating GRUB via Command Line

Boot into Kali Linux: If you can't boot into Kali directly, use a live USB or CD to access a live environment. 

Open a terminal: Navigate to the terminal application. 

Identify Windows partition: Use sudo space- proper to find the partition where Windows is installed. 

Update GRUB: Execute sudo update-grub. 

If Windows is not detected: If Windows is not listed, edit the GRUB configuration file:

    Open /etc/default/grub with sudo nano /etc/default/grub. 

Add or uncomment the line GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=false. 

Save the file (Ctrl + X, then Y, then Enter). 

Run sudo update-grub again. 

Reboot: Restart your computer to see if the changes have taken effect. 

Enable case sensitivity on NTFS formatted disks

NTFS case sensitivity can be enabled on a per-directory basis, and this setting is inherited by newly created sub-directories within that directory.

To enable case sensitivity for a directory and its future sub-directories:

Open an elevated Command Prompt or PowerShell:

Right-click the Start button and select "Windows Terminal (Admin)", "Command Prompt (Admin)", or "Windows PowerShell (Admin)".

Execute the fsutil command:

Use the following command, replacing <path> with the full path to the directory you want to make case-sensitive:

Code

fsutil.exe file setCaseSensitiveInfo <path> enable

For example, to enable case sensitivity for a directory named C:\Projects\MyProject:

Code

fsutil.exe file setCaseSensitiveInfo C:\Projects\MyProject enable

Clone succeeds but checkout fails due to longer file name issue

After cloning complete repository checkout fails, core reason is Windows MAX_PATH Limitation (260 characters. Older Windows versions (pre-Windows 10, version 1607) and default configurations in newer versions impose a 260-character limit on file paths.

Solution:

Enable Win32 long paths in Group Policy:

Open gpedit.msc (Local Group Policy Editor).

Navigate to Computer Configuration > Administrative Templates > System > Filesystem.

Enable the "Enable Win32 long paths" setting.

Configure Git to use long paths:

Open Git Bash or Command Prompt as Administrator.

Run the command: git config --system core.longpaths true

Note:

Before running the command "git config --system core.longpaths true" you have to run terminal as administrator. To do that press win key + x and click the Windows terminal(Admin) option

Core i3 vs i5 vs i7

The actual difference between Intel's Core i3, i5, i7, and i9 processors lies in their performance, core/thread count, clock speeds, cache size, and features like Turbo Boost, Hyper-Threading, and overclocking support.  

Here’s a detailed breakdown of how they compare (as of 2024, covering up to 14th Gen Intel CPUs):

 1. Core & Thread Count (Higher Tier = More Cores/Threads)

- P = Performance cores (faster, handle heavy tasks)  

- E = Efficiency cores (handle background tasks, power-efficient)  

- Older gens (pre-12th Gen) had only P-cores.  

 2. Clock Speeds & Turbo Boost (Higher Tier = Faster)

- i3: Lower base clocks, modest Turbo Boost.  

- i5: Balanced clocks, good Turbo Boost.  

- i7: Higher base & boost clocks.  

- i9: Highest clocks, aggressive Turbo Boost (e.g., up to 5.8 GHz on i9-14900K).  

Example (Desktop 14th Gen):  

- i3-14100 → 3.5 GHz (4.7 GHz Turbo)  

- i5-14600K → 3.5 GHz (5.3 GHz Turbo)  

- i7-14700K → 3.4 GHz (5.6 GHz Turbo)  

- i9-14900K → 3.2 GHz (5.8 GHz Turbo)  

 3. Cache Size (More Cache = Better Performance)

- i3: 8-12MB L3 cache  

- i5: 12-24MB L3 cache  

- i7: 20-30MB L3 cache  

- i9: 24-36MB L3 cache  

*(Larger cache helps with gaming and multitasking.)*  

 4. Features & Technologies

 

5. Use Case Recommendations

- Core i3: Basic tasks (web browsing, office work, light gaming).  

- Core i5: Best value (gaming, productivity, light content creation).  

- Core i7: High-end gaming, video editing, 3D rendering.  

- Core i9: Extreme performance (4K video editing, AAA gaming, heavy workloads).  

 6. Generational Differences (Important!)

- 12th Gen (Alder Lake) & newer use Hybrid Architecture (P + E cores).  

- 10th/11th Gen had only P-cores (no E-cores).  

- Laptop vs. Desktop: Laptop CPUs (U/H-series) have fewer cores but optimized for efficiency.  

 Summary Table (Desktop 14th Gen Example)

The main differences between i3, i5, i7, and i9 are:  

✅ Core/Thread count (i9 > i7 > i5 > i3)  

✅ Clock speeds & Turbo Boost (i9 boosts highest)  

✅ Cache size (i9 has the most L3 cache)  

✅ Features (i7/i9 get better overclocking, PCIe, etc.)  

For most users:  

- Gaming? → i5 or i7.  

- Productivity? → i7 or i9.  

- Budget build? → i3 or i5.  

How to change audio settings in Windows 11

To change audio settings in Windows 11, do as follows:

1. Open Settings:

   Click on the Start menu and select Settings (the gear icon), or press `Windows + I` on your keyboard.

2. Navigate to Sound Settings:

   In the Settings window, go to System and then select Sound from the left-hand menu.

3. Choose Output Device:

   Under the Output section, you can select your desired output device from the drop-down menu. This could be your speakers, headphones, or any other connected audio device.

4. Adjust Output Settings:

   Click on the device properties to adjust volume, balance, and other settings specific to the selected output device.

   You can also manage sound settings by clicking on Advanced sound options, where you can adjust the volume for individual apps.

5. Choose Input Device:

   Under the Input section, select your preferred input device, such as a microphone.

   Adjust the device properties, including volume and other specific settings for the input device.

6. Troubleshoot Sound Problems:

   If you're experiencing issues, you can use the Troubleshoot button under both the Output and Input sections to diagnose and fix common sound problems.

Advanced Sound Settings

1. Open Control Panel:

You can access more detailed sound settings by opening the Control Panel. Search for "Control Panel" in the Start menu and select it.

2. Sound Settings:

In the Control Panel, go to Hardware and Sound and then select Sound. This opens a window with tabs for Playback, Recording, Sounds, and Communications.

3. Adjust Playback and Recording Settings:

In the Playback tab, you can set your default playback device, configure it, and adjust its properties.

In the Recording tab, you can do the same for your input devices.

4. Configure Sound Schemes:

In the Sounds tab, you can change the sound scheme for Windows events, such as notifications and system alerts.

5. Communication Settings:

In the Communications tab, you can adjust how Windows handles sound when you receive or make calls on your PC.